活动设计: 活动1:语言促成 1、学生课前自主学习了主题相关的词汇、短语等,课上教师设计相关语言点的练习,例如针对本单元中反复出现的关键词justify,学生需要用其不同形式填空: Using different forms of the word “justify” to fill in the blanks. 1) In real life, people _____ breaking rules because they say their action or outcome is not immoral, or that it achieves a greater good. 2) Maybe you can imagine a scenario so fanciful, so unlikely, as to provide strong enough _______ for breaking the law. 3) Yet without some compelling reason to break the law — like the mother’s immediate risk of death from complications — breaking that traffic law is not well _______. 4) Individuals may break a rule they find “stupid”, having _______ that their action is ethical, yet others in the group may conclude the choice is. 5) Breaking rules sometimes is _______ like in Robin Hood tales. Reference answers:1) justify, 2) justification; 3) justified; 4) justified, unjustified; 5) justifiable 2、教师引导学生总结议论文写作中可能用到的词汇、短语、句型等语言技能,以使用谨慎语言保护观点(hedging)为例,教师首先通过练习1让学生比较使用与不使用hedging词汇的句子,理解hedging的作用,然后通过练习2由学生使用hedging词汇改写句子,从而完成本环节的语言促成。 练习1 比较下列两组句子有什么不同 Group 1 Ø There are countless examples where rules or laws seem to forbid doing the “right” thing, and where breaking them can actually seem the best thing to do — maybe even the moral thing to do. (Para. 2) Ø There are countless examples where rules or laws forbid doing the “right” thing, and where breaking them can actually be the best thing to do —even the moral thing to do. (Para. 2) Group 2 Ø Breaking the rule might seem acceptable because the action harms no one. So, you may think it’s not unethical. (Para. 4) Ø Breaking the rule is acceptable because the action harms no one. So, you think it’s not unethical. (Para. 4) 练习2 用hedging词汇改写下列的句子 1) Are the county leaders justified in breaking the rules and using the leftover funds to fix the buildings, even though it is definitely forbidden? (Para. 9) 2) If county leaders break the law, how does that affect public trust? Will these leaders be perceived as working for the common good or as unfair, given the rules? Ref. 1) The county leaders might seem justified in breaking the rules and using the leftover funds to fix the buildings. 2) If county leaders break the law, that may/might affect public trust. These leaders may/might be perceived as unfair, given the rules. 活动2:内容促成 1、教师引导学生依据课文内容对文中提到的两个情景进行讨论: 情景一、在无人的路口是否可以闯红灯
For: • It is not unethical to go through a red light at an open intersection where no cars are in sight because the action harms no one. (Para. 4) • People may have compelling reasons to run a light, for example, parents-to-be who are in labor and rushing to hospital. (Para. 5) |
Against: • People do not have power to foresee and control all relevant variables. (Para. 4) • People worry about different things to different extents because of different value priorities. (Para. 6) |
情景二、政府是否可以违规动用闲散资金维修危楼。
For: • The building is unsafe and unhealthy, desperately needing repair. (Para. 9) • The county government has certain earmarked funds left over in its financial year. (Para. 9) |
Against: • County laws definitely prevent spending those leftover funds on building repair. (Para. 9) • The government leaders’ illegal acts would affect public trust. (Para. 9) |
2、教师征求学生对于这两个情景的观点,并提供与这两个情景相关的课外资料,鼓励学生用新的论据从不同的角度再次论证自己的观点。 活动3:结构促成 教师带领学生回顾课前自学视频中驳论文的段落结构,即对方观点-个人观点-论证-总结,然后通过对比分析课文段落,了解并掌握驳论文的结构特点。以第四段为例:
Scenario |
Para. 4: ① Imagine you are stopped at a red light at an open intersection and there are no cars in sight. ② Should you go through the light? |
Claim |
③ Breaking the rule might seem acceptable because the action harms no one. ④ So, you may think it’s not unethical. |
Counter Claim |
⑤ That reasoning prioritizes consequences over obligations of duty. ⑥ The strict utilitarian might agree, but even the utilitarian would worry about your ability to know and control all relevant variables. |
Support |
⑦ Could you see a speeding vehicle in your blind spot? ⑧ What about the oncoming bicyclist turning in front of you? |
Conclusion |
⑨ No cases are Robin Hood simple. |
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